Machiavellianism refers to a set of behaviors and traits associated with manipulation, deceit, and a strategic approach to social interactions. The term "Machiavellianism" derives from the Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli, who wrote the book "The Prince" in the 16th century. In this book, Machiavelli discussed political strategies and tactics, including the idea that the ends justify the means.

In psychology, Machiavellianism has been studied as one of the three traits of the dark triad, along with narcissism and psychopathy. Individuals who exhibit high levels of Machiavellianism tend to prioritize their own self-interests and manipulate others to achieve their goals, often without regard for moral or ethical considerations. They are skilled at using deception, manipulation, and strategic maneuvering to gain advantages in social, professional, or personal situations.

Some common characteristics associated with Machiavellianism include:

1. Manipulativeness: Machiavellian individuals are adept at manipulating others to serve their own interests. They are skilled at using different tactics, such as flattery, deception, and charm, to influence and control others.
2. Strategic thinking: Machiavellian individuals tend to think strategically and often have a long-term perspective on their goals. They carefully plan their actions and consider the potential outcomes and consequences of their behavior.
3. Lack of empathy: Individuals high in Machiavellianism often have a limited capacity for empathy and may not consider the feelings or well-being of others. They are willing to exploit and manipulate others without guilt or remorse.
4. Focus on self-interest: Machiavellian individuals prioritize their own self-interests above the needs or desires of others. They may be willing to sacrifice relationships or ethical principles to achieve their goals.

It's important to note that not everyone who displays Machiavellian traits is a full-blown Machiavellian. Machiavellianism exists on a spectrum, and individuals can exhibit varying degrees of these characteristics.

Understanding Machiavellianism can be helpful in recognizing and protecting oneself from manipulative behavior. However, it is also important to approach individuals with compassion and empathy, as some may display Machiavellian traits due to personal insecurities or past experiences.